Eureka 8851 manual

Almost a quarter of the world population 1. Progress toward global TB elimination during was very modest, as it has occurred in recent years, and if kept at this current pace, the global targets for the period will not be accomplished. Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTB is the primary etiological agent of tuberculosis in humans since the disease may be due to other mycobacteria of the MTB complex such as M. It belongs to the order of the Actinomycetales and the Mycobacteriaceae family.

It is a bacillus that lacks capsule or flagella and does not produce spores or toxins; it measures 0. Its generation time is prolonged up to 24 hours. It is an aerobic bacillus that, if necessary, can persist under anaerobic conditions. A distinctive feature of the MTB cell wall is its content of N-glycolimuranic acid instead of N-acetylmuramic acid found in most bacteria.

The unusual cell wall of MTB also allows it to survive initially in the macrophage. The cell wall also constitutes a robust and highly impermeable barrier to harmful compounds and drugs.

MTB can sense when the local tissue conditions are inadequate for survival low oxygen tension and nutrient depletion , as in the macrophages and granulomas, responding by the activation of a dormant state, in which the bacilli stop multiplying, down-regulates its metabolism and activates anaerobic metabolism. Tuberculosis infection occurs when a subject inhales the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli MTB. An active case of pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis generates infectious particles called droplet nuclei of The prevalence of M.

Contacts who are In latent tuberculous infection, most bacilli are metabolically inactive, and only a few are replicating. In immunocompetent individuals, these bacilli are destroyed by the immune defenses of the host and the development of active disease aborts.

When the immunity of the subject fails, the bacilli multiply, and eventually, active tuberculosis ensues. Symptoms and signs of active tuberculosis TB depend on its anatomical location. Signs and symptoms can appear after just a few weeks from the primary infection, or many years later due to the reactivation of latent disease anywhere in the body.

Symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis are nonspecific and may occur in many other pulmonary conditions; however, in high-burden regions, they remain a valuable tool for initial screening.

Signs and symptoms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis EPTB are protean, and chest xrays of the chest frequently do not show abnormalities. Miliary tuberculosis is characterized by the presence of disseminated innumerable small nodules. It is secondary to the hematogenous spread of the bacilli throughout the body after the primary infection or the reactivation of a latent focus. Although TB can involve any segment of the gastrointestinal tract, the ileocecal region is the most frequently affected.

It is due to the ingestion of milk or milk products contaminated with M. Central nervous system tuberculosis is a consequence of hematogenous dissemination and the most severe form of the disease, with high morbimortality.

Tuberculosis is an excellent simulator and can mimic virtually any disease. Clinically, it has been divided into primary and post-primary tuberculosis. Primary tuberculosis usually refers to patients not previously exposed to M. Primary tuberculosis is more frequent in children, with its highest prevalence in children under five years, although the frequency of primary forms in adults is increasing.

The primary disease has four main presentations at imaging: chest lymphadenopathy, pneumonia, miliary disease, and pleural effusion. Post-primary TB also known as reactivation or secondary TB most commonly involves the lungs in the apical and posterior segments of the upper lobes and the apical segment of the lower lobes.

Initially, there are parenchymal consolidations, that if they are not diagnosed and treated, usually progress to necrosis and cavitation. Unilateral lung destruction is a serious complication of pulmonary TB that occurs in chronic advanced cases. Although TB is mostly limited to the lungs, it can happen in any other tissue or organ, especially in the immunocompromised host.

Culture for mycobacteria continues to be the gold standard due to its higher sensitivity and specificity, and because it also allows the detection of strains resistant to antituberculosis drugs; however, even with liquid culture media, at least one month of processing is required to obtain results.

Therefore, rapid genotyping methods e. LPAs allow species identification and the presence of mutations associated with resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and second-line injectables in less than 24 hours. Progressively, the complete sequencing of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome has been integrated into the diagnostic protocol, allowing the identification of all mutations associated with resistance for all antituberculosis drugs.

Phenotypic methods microscopy and cultures continue to play an essential role in the follow-up of patients who are already under treatment. Although the underlying general principles of management of tuberculosis are the same for all cases, there are certain special situations in which the treatment regimen must be modified. Uremia and post-renal transplant are both risk factors for tuberculosis due to the underlying immunodeficiency.

Patients undergoing dialysis have a fold higher risk of developing the disease than the general population. Many antituberculosis drugs are hepatotoxic. First-line drugs HREZ are safe during pregnancy, and regimen doses and duration are the same as in non-pregnant individuals.

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